What was Ancient Egyptian society like?

Ancient Egyptian society is usually explained as a kind of ‘pyramid’ structure. The most powerful people were few in number and sat at the ‘top’ of the society, while most people were peasants and had little power and were at the ‘bottom’. 

In between the pharaoh and the peasants, there were several social groups with greater power, the closer they were to the top. 

Usually, the social group you were born into is the one you remained in for your entire life.

From the beginning of the pharaonic age, around 3100 BC, the pharaoh was the king of Egypt. 

In this role, he had control of all laws and armies, which made him the most powerful person in all of ancient Egyptian society. 

The pharaoh controlled most of the land in the empire, which made him the wealthiest person in society as well. 

What is more, Egyptians considered the pharaoh to be one of their gods. 

So, the king also had considerable religious authority as well.

The next most powerful person in Egypt was known as the ‘vizier’. The person was assigned to the position by the pharaoh, and he acted as the pharaoh’s most trusted advisor. 

In this capacity, the vizier was responsible for the day-to-day running of the country and acted as the chief judge to settle legal matters. 

As part of these duties, all official statements sent out across the land were required to have his personal seal on them. 

The vizier was so close to the pharaoh that he was often responsible for managing the pharaoh’s household as well.

The Egyptian empire was divided into smaller regions that were like ‘states’ within countries today. 

Namely, in ancient Egypt, these smaller states were called nomes, and rich nobles were assigned to oversee each region and were therefore called ‘nomarchs’. 

The nomarchs had important positions of power, but they could only exercise it in their assigned region. 

Specifically, their main tasks were to ensure that crops were harvested, that income was generated, and that peace was kept to help the pharaoh successfully maintain control over such a large kingdom.

Ancient Egypt was a deeply religious society, with hundreds of temples, both small and large, across its vast empire. 

In theory, the pharaoh was considered to be the high priest of every temple in Egypt; in practice, he could not be everywhere at once. 

Instead, groups of priests managed all the temples and acted on the pharaoh’s behalf to offer sacrifices and supervise religious activities. 

To that end, the main concern for the priests was to ensure that the gods remained happy and that all of the necessary ceremonies were completed every day. 

Some temples and their priests became extremely influential.

n particular, the scribes in ancient Egypt were extremely important people because they were the only ones trained to read and write. 

Their main jobs were to keep accurate records of everything that occurred in the kingdom, and to write all official documents for the pharaoh, nomarchs, and priests.

The vizier, nomarchs, priests, and scribes were usually nominated from among the noble families across Egypt. 

Such ‘nobles’ were families who had held wealth and power in the kingdom for several generations. 

Because of this, they had the time and money to train their children in the necessary skills to take on the various roles mentioned above. 

Most of their wealth came from large farming estates where farmers grew their crops.

In this social class, people specialised in a particular craft: builders, potters, metalworkers, leatherworkers, painters, sculptors, carvers, weavers, jewellers, tailors, and more. 

Specifically, such workers played important roles in creating temples and tombs for the pharaohs as well as producing weapons and equipment for his armies. 

Still, they were essential to Egypt’s functioning despite being towards the lower end of the social pyramid.

Indeed, towards the lower end of the social order were agricultural workers, such as farmers and fishermen, who grew the crops and caught the fish to feed Egypt. Most people in Egyptian society were part of this group. 

During those periods, farmers and labourers were used by the pharaoh to build monuments that were pyramids when they were not busy tending their crops.

Typically, at the very bottom of Egyptian society were the servants and slaves.

People like these who had been captured in war or had sold themselves into slavery to pay off a family debt. 

Slaves had no power and were at the mercy of their masters.

Each of the social classes mentioned above applied to both men and women. There were even some female pharaohs. 

Although at each level of Egyptian society women typically held less power and authority than men, Egyptian women actually had more rights compared to other ancient societies like Greece and Rome. 

For example, Egyptian women had the ability to buy their own land, speak on their own behalf in court cases, and even divorce their husbands if they wanted to.