How do Egyptian hieroglyphs work?

Egyptian hieroglyphs are a way of writing used by the ancient Egyptians. In this system, they include phonograms, which are signs for sounds; logograms, which are signs for whole words; and determinatives, which give extra meaning. 

They were used for over 3,000 years, from about 3100 BCE during the Early Dynastic Period until the 4th century CE. During that time, their form and use evolved to meet different needs. 

Unlike English, which is read from left to right, hieroglyphs can be written in rows or columns and can be read from right to left or left to right.

The direction you read is determined by which way the figures face. 

The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799 near the town of Rosetta (now called Rashid) in Egypt.

Using its three scripts—Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphic—it helped people work out hieroglyphs. 

This stone enabled French linguist Jean-François Champollion to read the hieroglyphs in 1822, opening a new chapter in understanding ancient Egyptian writing.

To grasp how these symbols function, we can break them down into three categories: 

Egyptian hieroglyphs use three kinds of signs: phonograms, logograms, and determinatives. 

Phonograms are signs that stand for sounds, much like letters in our alphabet. First, they help spell out words. 

They can be single signs for one sound; signs for two sounds; or signs for three sounds. 

Logograms are signs that stand for whole words or parts of words, like simple pictures in a modern language. 

For example, the hieroglyph of an owl stands for the sound "m". When used as a logogram, it can also mean “owl.” 

Determinatives are signs that give more information about the words they go with. Finally, they clarify meaning without being pronounced. 

They do not have a sound value but give context. For example, a sign of a man next to a word may show that the word relates to a man or men.

Reading hieroglyphs needs some knowledge of the setting, ancient Egyptian life, and the way the Egyptians used images as a language. To start, follow these simple steps: 

Find the direction of the text: 

Look at which way the signs face. If they face right, you read from right to left. If they face left, you read from left to right. In columns, read from top to bottom. 

Find the phonograms: 

Start by looking for the single sound signs, as they are the easiest. There are 24 of these. 

Find the logograms: 

These often look like the object they represent. They may have a small mark afterward to show they are logograms. 

Watch for determinatives: 

They are not spoken when you read out the hieroglyphs, but they are important for understanding the meaning of the sentence. 

Find the two-sound and three-sound signs: 

These are harder to spot because they are more abstract. As you gain skill, you will learn to spot and understand them better.

This is just the very basics of learning how to read ancient Egyptian writing. If you'd like to dig deeper, here are the best resources I have used:

• Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs by James P. Allen 

• How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-Step Guide to Teach Yourself by Mark Collier and Bill Manley

Learning Egyptian hieroglyphs takes patience, practice, and curiosity. With continued effort, you will gain insight into this writing system. 

There is much more to discover, and these basics will give you a solid start as you explore further.