The Roaring Twenties: A decade of social, economic, and political transformation

There was an explosion in new technologies which created a range of new consumer goods.

During the 1920s, the factories that had supplied the war effort became the centre of mass production, where telephones, household appliances and cars were made at a rapid pace.

In America, national industrial output doubled between 1921 and 1929.

Most people attribute the success of mass production to the business owner, Henry Ford.

In 1913, Ford built an assembly line to create the 'Model T' automobile. Using assembly lines made production much cheaper and increased production and sales. 

Many other factories copied this model and increased their own production numbers as well as their profits.

However, producing lots of products isn't going to help if people don't have the money to buy them.

As a result, advertising also became important, as every company tried to convince people to buy their new goods. 

Also, a system of purchase where people could pay off the product while using it became popular.

This 'hire purchase' scheme enabling people to purchase new goods, even if they did not have the full amount of money upfront.

As more people bought new products, more jobs were created in the factories.

These new employees had more money, as a result, which meant that they spent more as well.

For example, by the end of the twenties, one in five Americans owned a car.

The increased money and freedom of the 1920s encouraged people, particularly young people, to challenge traditional expectations. 

A new musical movement known as jazz, which had become popular in African American communities, became widely popular.

Following new music, new dance styles, such as the Charleston, also became hugely popular.

However, the music and dance culture also fueled a growth in alcohol consumption.

What made this particularly problematic is that the United States prohibited the sale and production of alcohol in 1920.

Regardless, a lot of Americans ignored the law and drank alcohol in illegal bars called ‘speakeasies’.

These bars were often owned and funded by gangsters, who became wealthy and powerful as a result of the demand for illegal alcohol sales.

The most famous gangster of this era was called Al Capone.

Women experienced more freedom during this era than they had before. In the United States, women earned the right to vote in 1920 through the ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

A particular kind of young woman was called the ‘flapper'. A 'flapper' was a young lady who embodied the new freedom women had by wearing short dresses, smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol in public.

They were able to go out at night by themselves, dress in shorter skirts than before, and drink alcohol and dance in bars with men.

While many people celebrated their new freedoms, many traditionally-minded people were worried that it was going too far. 

As a result, there was a rise in popularity of more conservative political parties, as they promised to try and control the new social changes to keep the rest of society 'safe'.

Despite the image of this time as one of parties and wealth, there were some negative events during the Roaring Twenties, particularly in the United States.

Farmers and rural communities usually didn't receive increased income or new technologies.

Many young men that had only ever been soldiers during the First World War, struggled to find jobs as civilians.

Many were scarred emotionally and physically from their time at war, and used alcohol as a coping mechanism.

Low-paid laborers, who were able to get jobs, often had to go on strike to increase their wages.

Also, frustration among some social groups saw a rise in violence against African Americans and migrants as people looked for scapegoats. 

One racist group, known as the Ku Klux Klan, saw an increase in members during this decade.

By 1925, it had five million people involved. This fueled lynchings and other violent crimes against black Americans.